Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever: Is an infectious bacterial disease caused by a gram negative bacilli Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A,B and C.
Incidence: Each year around 11-20 million people around the world get diseased with typhoid, From which 128000-161000 die from it.
Tansmission: The disease is transmitted through contaminated food and water containing the microbe. It's more common in developing countries that lack access to safe water and adequate sanitation. Flies play a role in transmitting the bacteria to foods when left uncovered.
Clinical picture: After an incubation period of 10-14 days people with typhoid often have:
-Headache,anorexia and malaise.
-Fever that increases gradually to a plateau of 40⁰C "step-ladder rise of temperature".
-Diffuse abdominal pain with constipation. But bloody diarrhea may occur.
-A maculo-papular skin rash may appear in the back,chest or abdomen in 10% of patients known as ''Rose spots" .It's slightly raised over the skin, rose-red in color and fades on pressure.
-Cough and epistaxis (bleeding from nose) may occur.
Complications:
-Intestinal hemorrhage.
-Intestinal perforation resulting in septic peritonitis.
-Acute heart failure due to toxemia.
-Osteomyelitis specially with patients with sickle cell anemia.
-Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gall bladder) and gall bladder stones.
-Meningitis, encephalitis, and peripheral neuritis may also occur.
Diagnosis:
(A)Isolation of the organism :
In the 1st week sample is taken from blood. In the 2nd week and onward stool sample can be taken.
-Blood film → may show the gram negative bacilli.
-Blood culture→on Bismuth sulphite agar
(B) Serological tests:
-Widal test→It's a tube agglutination test that detects antibodies in the patient's serum against salmonella.
Treatment:
Typhoid is treated by antibiotics for which the bacteria is sensitive according to the culture and sensitivity results.
Prevention: You can protect yourself from the disease through:
-Washing hands well before and after meals.
-Washing vegetables and fruits well, and following standards of food hygiene.
-In endemic areas with the disease where outbreaks occur due to water contamination it's better to boil water before use to ensure water is safe.
- Vaccines are available and are recommended to people living in or travelling to endemic areas.
-Cover the food and never leave it exposed for flies and other insects.
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| Salmonella bacteriae |
Incidence: Each year around 11-20 million people around the world get diseased with typhoid, From which 128000-161000 die from it.
Tansmission: The disease is transmitted through contaminated food and water containing the microbe. It's more common in developing countries that lack access to safe water and adequate sanitation. Flies play a role in transmitting the bacteria to foods when left uncovered.
 |
| Flies on food help transmitting the bacteria |
-Headache,anorexia and malaise.
-Fever that increases gradually to a plateau of 40⁰C "step-ladder rise of temperature".
-Diffuse abdominal pain with constipation. But bloody diarrhea may occur.
-A maculo-papular skin rash may appear in the back,chest or abdomen in 10% of patients known as ''Rose spots" .It's slightly raised over the skin, rose-red in color and fades on pressure.
 |
| Rose spots in Typhoid patients |
-Cough and epistaxis (bleeding from nose) may occur.
Complications:
-Intestinal hemorrhage.
-Intestinal perforation resulting in septic peritonitis.
-Acute heart failure due to toxemia.
-Osteomyelitis specially with patients with sickle cell anemia.
-Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gall bladder) and gall bladder stones.
-Meningitis, encephalitis, and peripheral neuritis may also occur.
Diagnosis:
(A)Isolation of the organism :
In the 1st week sample is taken from blood. In the 2nd week and onward stool sample can be taken.
-Blood film → may show the gram negative bacilli.
-Blood culture→on Bismuth sulphite agar
(B) Serological tests:
-Widal test→It's a tube agglutination test that detects antibodies in the patient's serum against salmonella.
Treatment:
Typhoid is treated by antibiotics for which the bacteria is sensitive according to the culture and sensitivity results.
Prevention: You can protect yourself from the disease through:
-Washing hands well before and after meals.
-Washing vegetables and fruits well, and following standards of food hygiene.
-In endemic areas with the disease where outbreaks occur due to water contamination it's better to boil water before use to ensure water is safe.
- Vaccines are available and are recommended to people living in or travelling to endemic areas.
-Cover the food and never leave it exposed for flies and other insects.
 |
| Covering food from insects using net |
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